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It's highly advisable before you go to Turkey to inform by your local doctor if any vaccinations are necessary for example against Hepertitus b and others. It is also good for people with diabetic, heart or liver disorders to pay a visit to the general practitioner or health service.

Our recommendation is to drink water at all times from bottles and be carefull with ice in drinks.

Turkey has been lain on two continents: Europe and Asia. The European part, Thracie called, covers 3% of the surface area of Turkey. The rest, Anatolie called, lies in Asia. On the point where Europe and Asia meet, lies Istanbul. Istanbul is thus the only city in the world that lies on two continents.

    * Marmaris covers the European part and the northwest part of Anatolia. It also the 'garden of Istanbul' is called. This undulating area is the most densly populated part of Turkey. Agriculture is varied, among other things rises, grapes, olives and peaches.

    * The Aegean area is mountainous with many needle forests. The Mediterranean sea climate brings warm summery, and mild winters. Here more than 50% of Turkish tobacco production comes from. Other important products are olives and cotton.

    * The mediterranean area lies in the south of Anatolia. Here also dominates a Mediterranean sea climate, it's already a couple of degrees warmer then in the Aegean area. In this area the most important bathing resorts of Turkey lie. Very much cotton is cultivated here, as well as citrus fruits.

    * Central Anatolia is a plateau on average 1000 meters above the sea level. This area lies in the middle of Turkey. The bald plains are mainly used to let to ewes and sheep graze. Here a country climate with large temperature differences, both in summer and winter, and in day and night dominates. Summery is hot and dry, the winters are cold.

Turkish people

The Turkish population is cinsists of several groups of people from Centrale-Asia. In the course of time however these groups melted this way that their identity went up in that what we Turks call. Turkey has approximately 55 millions inhabitants. There are in current Turkey, still ethnic groups which have, preserved their identity.

The Turkomen, Türkmen in Turkish, are the ancestors of the Turks. The dynasty of the Seltsjoeken descends of the Turkmens tribe Ghuzz or Oguz in Centrale-Asia. The Seltsjoeken, which played an important role in 11th and the 12th century, had converted themselves hundred years before to Islam and established themselves in Persia, in the Iranian province of Khurasan.

In that period, their leader Tügrul Bey with its ghazi's,warriors of faith, conquered between 1050 and 1055, Isfahan and Bagdad and other parts of the current Iran and Iraq and he exclaimed itself to protector of the Caliph of Bagdad, the mental leader of the Sunniets. The caliph rewarded him with the title of sultan and together they did fight against the Shiits. Togrul's continuators Alp Arslan (1063-1072) and Malik Shah extended their empire towards Syria, Palestina and Anatolia. Alp covered Arslan in the 1071 byzantines at Malazgirt and immediately he opened access to Anatolia.

By many the year 1071 is assimilated with the beginning of 'Turkey'. The Turkomen sailed into Islam and steamed the country ready for centuries lasting Ottomaanse predominance. When Alp Arslan had overcome (Christian) the Byzantines, the Christian world did wake up. Immediately this was a reason for the first crusade in 1095.

After the death of Malik Shah his sons took power, but mutual disunion and a fight for power started to gradually collaps their empire. Süleyman Shah besieged Konya and conquered it, just like Iznik. In last mentioned state he became sultan of Anatolia. Iznik was reconquered later by the Byzantines and Konya became the new capital. The strugle for power went further.

Only the sultan of rum, with Konya remained as a capital.

Eventually intact until the mongols in 1243 after the battle of Kösedag also took Anatolia by surprise and for a half century would dominate there. Mesud II were the last Selts king.

The new dominators would make also the Turkish language rapidly to official one. Islamic culture was flowering in Turkey under the Selts and later under the Osmans, but also in the current Turkey Islam is still underestimate a factor in social and political life. This in spite of Atatürks enthusiastic striving to make an entirely secular state of Turkey, towards Western model.

Turkije and tourism

Turkey, a bridge between East and West. Because Turkey was has been populated in the course of centuries by a large number of civilisations, Turkey really is a Treasury of historical and cultural curiosities.

Througout the country these civilisations have left their tracks behind and many are accessible to public. For biblical times Turkey has played an important role in the history of humanity. Thus we can take as an example Noach, whose Ark ended uop on mount Aearat according to history, or a another important character in certain belief

convictions: Abraham, who came from Edessa the current Urfa and mother Maria who stayed after the death of Jesus in Efes. Petrus will have chosen for its first mission Antiochie (current Antakya), because the inhabitants depraved products. Of course we cannot forget Caesar, which in Zela (a town east of Ankara) the boasted words, "veni, vidi vici" ("I came, I saw and I overcame) pronounced.

Turkey has been submerged since then by a lot of cultures as a result of which a lot of tracks can be retrieved there for example the Persians, Greeks, Romen, Byzantines, Selds and most well-known, the Ottomen. Because of this Turkey has many archaeological unearthings.

Holiday destinations

Tourism means a rapidly growing source of income for Turkey. The accommodation for modern mass tourism has been not yet this way extended as in a Greece or Italy. The possibilities for luxuriously range - or sun holidays are there however enough, not only along the Aegean coasts, but also in the south to the Mediterranean sea and in the north to the black sea.

For the tourist in search of culture Turkey is a shear paradise. Cities such as Istanbul and Izmir attracks always a lot of tourists, as well as the rests of Troje and places such as Efeze and Bursa.

Beside a lot of Islamic monuments Istanbul is the main place of Byzantine construction art, the Aya Sophia (6th century). Another city worth seeing in European Turkey is Edirne with among other things the mosque of the hand of Turkish most important architect, Sinan (16de centuries).

Manisa is the main Turkish-Islamic culture centre in the Aegean area, among other things a lot of mosques. The bathing resort Çesme has a medieval fortress. Kusadasi (bird island) is a modern, frequented visited bathing resort. Antalya is the tourist centre of the Mediterenean sea coast. Also here are several ancient remnants for example a number of Roman theatres.

At Demre you can find the ruins of Myra, the city of Nicolaas of Myra (santaclaus, Dutch), above his grave a church has been built. In Perge itself you wil find an ancient stadion and a theatre, intended for 27,000 spectators.

In Eastern direction are tourist places like: Alanya, a fortress from the Selds area. Within this the double walls of this fortress are mosques, a covered bazaar and a palace. The stalcatite cave of Damlatas is close to Alanya. Near to Alanya you will find the bathing resort Anamur with a large medieval castle and also the bathing resort Silifke with a mideval fortress. Antalya (the ancient Antiochië) with a famous collection Roman mosaics in the museum.

The black sea coast has a mild climate. Here most of the precipitation of Turkey falls, most of the forrest of Turkey does exist. Giresun belongs to the more modern bathing resorts. Trabzon (the Trebizonde from the Byzantine time) has very interesting architecture. South of Trabzon above a steep abyss lies the 14th-century convent of Sumela.
Worth seeing in Western-Anatolia are Bursa and Iznik. AtÇanakkale the ruïnehill of Troje lies. Amasya hasamong other things mosques and rock sepulchres of Pontiankings. In the south the place of pilgrimage Konya has beenknown for the 'dancing derwisjen'.

The south of Eastern-Anatolia are taken by (historical) the landscape of Cappadocia, which is especially known for groups of capricious rocks with a lot of natural caves, which have served as a houses, church or convent. Worth seeing in the remaining parts of Eastern-Anatolia is Tokat with a castle with 28 towers and mosques from 12th and 16th the century, Kars with remains of the Armenian city Ani (10th-11th century), Diyarbakir with many oldconstruction work buildings, among other things a mosque from approx. 1090 and a 5 km long basalts (therefore black) town wall with 72 torens.

Climate

Climate in Turkey is dependent on the geographical position. Istanbul has a moderate climate with hot summery and mild winters, the temperatures may vary from 28° in the summer to temperatures around zero in winter.

TheTurkish Riviera - from Antalya to Iskenderun - a subtropical climate with temperatures in the summer rising to 35° and in winter average temperatures from 12° to 15°. More inland a continental climate with hot summery and ice-cold winters dominates. The climate shows large differences, which coincide especially with the position with respect to the sea and altitude. The inland country has a strong country climate, whereas the coasts have a sea climate.

Depressions, average approximately five per year, prevention exclusively in the cold season and draw then concerning the black sea or concerning the Mediterranean sea, but never concerning the central higlands. Their influence does not go further than some dozens of kilometres country-inward. As a result, very low temperatures prevention in the inland country. To the front of Mediterenean sea depressions also conduct desert winds dry, warm air to the inland country, particularly in spring.

In summertime under the influence of low pressure zones above Asia northern winds blow. The coasts are then cooler then the inland country, particularly contrary to the winter situation. Except along the coast, particularlyof the black sea, precipitate is small and strongly changing.